A37-year-oldmanpresentedwitha7-monthhistoryofvertigo,nausea,dysphagia,right-sidedtinnitus,andhearingloss.Hedeniedheadache,paresthesias,changeinvision,orproblemswithcognition.Heendorsedahistoryofprogressivefatigue,generalizedweakness,andpoorlibido.Hissymptomslefthimfunctionallyimpairedandbedridden.
37岁男性,近7个月出现眩晕、恶心、吞咽困难、右侧耳鸣和听力受损。患者否认有头痛、感觉异常、视力变化或认知障碍等症状,诉既往有进行性疲惫、全身乏力感、性功能障碍等病史。这些症状使患者机能受损,长期卧床。
Hismedicalhistorywasremarkablefordyslipidemia,obesityhypoventilationsyndrome,nephrolithiasis,andanepisodeofbilateralanterioruveitis6yearsprior.Inaddition,hehadbeeninamotorvehiclecollisionthatcausedafacialdeglovinginjuryrequiringmultipleoperations,leavingthepatientwithvisionlossinhislefteye.
患者既往有明显的血脂异常、肥胖低通气综合征、肾结石病史,6年前曾患双侧前葡萄膜炎。此外,患者在一次车祸中引起面部套状撕脱伤,需要多次手术,遗留左眼视力丧失。
Onexamination,thepatientwasmorbidlyobesewithextensivescarringontheleftsideofhisface.Therewasdecreasedvisualacuityandleftexotropia.Therightpupilwasdilatedwithasluggishresponsetolight.Theleftpupilcouldnotbereliablyexaminedduetothechangesfromhispriorfacialdeglovinginjury.Therewasalsolowerlidscarringontheleftwithlagophthalmos,againsecondarytohispriorinjury.Therightlidwasnormal.Therewasamildleft-sidedfacialweaknessinalowermotorneuronpat-tern.Hisspeechwasdysarthric.Examinationoftheremainingcranialnerves(CNs)wasnormal.Strengthwas5/5intheupperextremitiesbilaterallyand4+/5inthelowerextremitiesbilaterally.Musclebulkandtonewerenormal,aswerecoordinationandfinemotormovements.Sensationandreflexeswereintact.Rom-bergtestwasnegative.Bilateralsensorineuralhearingloss,mildtomoderateontheleftandmoderatetosevereontheright,wasconfirmedobjectivelywithaudiometry.
查体:患者病态肥胖、左侧面部大片疤痕、视力下降、左眼外斜视,右眼瞳孔扩大、对光反射迟钝。因为之前面部撕脱伤引起的后遗症,左眼不能被可靠地检测。左眼闭合不全,下眼睑瘢痕,也是继发于先前的外伤。右眼睑正常。左侧轻度下运动神经元性面瘫,构音障碍。其他颅神经检查正常。双上肢肌力5/5级,双下肢肌力4+/5级。肌容积和肌张力正常,共济和精细运动正常。感觉和反射检查正常。闭目难立征阴性。通过客观的测听检测证实双耳感音性听力减退,左耳轻到中度,右耳中重度。
Questionforconsideration:
1.Canyoulocalizethelesionbasedonthepatient’sconstellationoffindings?
思考问题:
1.你能根据患者的临床表现定位病变部位吗?
SECTION2第二部分CTofthehead(figure,1AandB)demonstratedmultipleenhancingintra-axiallesions.Thelargestmeasuredupto12×15×12mmandwaslocatedinthelentiformnucleus.Thereweremultipleotherlesionsinvolvingtheanteriorparasagittalregionoftherightfrontallobe,therostrumofthecorpuscallosum,andthehypothalamus.Therewerealsofindingssuspiciousforleptomeningealenhancement,particularlyinthebasalcisterns.Therewasnoevidenceofhydrocephalusorherniation.MRI(figure1,CandD)confirmedthepresenceofmultipleenhancingparenchymallesionsandleptomeningealenhancementintheposteriorfossa.
头CT(图1,A和B)显示多发颅内强化病灶。最大的位于豆状核,达到12×15×12mm大小。其他病灶累及右额叶旁矢状面的前部、胼胝体嘴和下丘脑。头CT上也发现可疑柔脑膜强化,特别是基底池部位。无脑积水或脑疝迹象。磁共振(图1,C和D)证实存在多发脑实质强化病灶,以及后颅窝柔脑膜强化。
图1头CT、MRI
增强CT(A,B)和T1加权MRI(C,D)轴位层面显示遍布脑实质的多发强化病灶。图B中显示的右额病灶为被活检病灶部位。柔脑膜强化在MRI钆增强序列上显示最清楚(白色箭头)。
Questionsforconsideration:
1.Whatisyourdifferentialdiagnosisatthispoint?
2.Whatfurtherinvestigationswouldyouorderatthispoint?
思考问题:
1、此刻,你的鉴别诊断有哪些?
2、基于这点,你还要进一步做哪些检查?
SECTION3第三部分Thedifferentialdiagnosisformultiplecranialneuropathieswithevidenceofseveralintracraniallesionsisextensive.Thispresentationisparticularlyworrisomeforanunderlyingneoplasticprocess,particularlyprimaryCNSlymphoma.Leptomeningealcarcinomatosisormetastaticdiseasearealsopossibilities.Alternatively,granulomatousdisease,andinfectionssuchastuberculosis,histoplasmosis,toxoplasmosis,blastomycosis,andHIV,arediagnosticconsiderations.
多发颅神经病变伴数个颅内病灶的鉴别诊断很多。其临床表现特别让人担心是潜在的肿瘤病变,特别是原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤,也有可能是软脑膜癌病或转移瘤。其他要考虑的鉴别诊断有肉芽肿病、感染性疾病,如结核、组织胞浆菌病、弓形体病、芽生菌病和HIV。
Furtherimagingtestswereperformedtoidentifyapossibleprimarymalignancyorothersitesofdiseaseinvolvement.CTchestdemonstratedmediastinalandhilarlymphadenopathywithscatteredsmallpulmonarynodules.CTabdomenshowedretroperitoneallymphadenopathy,withnormalliverandskeletalstructures.
给予进一步的影像检查来鉴别可能存在的原发性恶性肿瘤或其他部位受累疾病。胸部CT显示纵膈和肺门淋巴结肿大,肺内散在的小结节。腹部CT显示腹膜后淋巴结肿大,肝和骨骼结构正常。
Bloodcultureswerepersistentlynegative,aswereserologiessentforHIV,histoplasmosis,toxoplasmosis,andblastomycosis.CSFexaminationshowedlymphocyticpredominancewithlowglucose(0.6mmol/L)andhighprotein(3.15g/L).CSFflowcytometrywasnegative.SerumandCSFangiotensin-convertingenzyme(ACE)levelswerenotelevated(22U/Land18U/L,respectively).CSFwassentforacid-fastbacillistain,whichwasnegative,asweremycobacterialcultures.Tuberculinskintestandinterferon-gammareleaseassayswerenegative.
血培养持续呈阴性,针对HIV、组织胞浆菌病、弓形体病和芽生菌病的血清学检验也是阴性。脑脊液检测以淋巴细胞为主,糖降低(0.6mmol/L),蛋白升高(3.15g/L)。脑脊液流式细胞仪检测阴性。血清和脑脊液血管紧张素转换酶水平没有升高(分别是22U/L和18U/L)。送检脑脊液抗酸杆菌染色阴性,分枝杆菌培养也呈阴性。结核菌素皮肤试验和γ-干扰素释放试验均阴性。
Multipleattemptsatbiopsyofthemediastinallymphadenopathyyieldednondiagnosticresults.Abiopsyofthemostaccessibleintracraniallesionlocatedintherightfrontallobeshowednecrotizinggranulomatousinflammation(figure2).Stainsforinfectionwerenegative.Therewasnoevidenceofneoplasia.
多次尝试纵膈肿大淋巴结活检没有获得有助诊断的结果。右侧额叶的病灶最容易取材,活检显示坏死的肉芽肿炎症(图2),感染相关的染色呈阴性,未发现肿瘤证据。
图2脑活检的组织病理
(A)活检脑组织的低倍视野显微镜下显示多发的肉芽肿(选取标本上的黑星)。(B)高倍视野下的一个肉芽肿,可见多核巨细胞(箭头)和一个中心坏死区(白星)。HPS染色。A,40倍;B,倍。
Questionforconsideration:
1.Whatisthefinaldiagnosis?
思考问题:
1、最后诊断是什么?
SECTION4第四部分Giventhehistoryofprioranterioruveitis,multiplecranialneuropathies,andbilateralhilarandmediastinallymphadenopathy,thepatient’spresentationismost白癜风治疗最佳医院单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠盐注射液